Thanks for the feedback guys - forgot to mention that last pass-through on the elk - was through the shank! DEFINITELY don't recommend that one. OBH is correct, no animal will survive a liver shot! However, time to death can be prolonged, especially w/o heart-lung involvement, and the blood sign very poor. You just can't beat the pumping of the heart, and/or the bellows action of the diaphragm with a perforated chest and lungs, to leave good blood trailing sign.
Last fall, I shot a trophy doe quartering away at 22 yards - my shot placement was intentionally behind the rib cage, to pass through the liver and into the chest.
I didn't expect the arrow to exit (it did, between the 4th and 5th ribs). In this case, though, it was on fresh snow about 12" deep, and my buddy was watching from higher on the hill - she ran full out until she pitched over dead after 156 yards. Though there was a pretty amazing line of sign from where she was standing to where the arrow buried in the far bank (both hair and blood), and my buddy could see her down - when I walked out the trail, from shot location to where she piled up, I found exactly one tiny drop of blood - even though I was following her tracks in the snow the entire way. Totally bled out inside, but almost no leakage. On dry ground by myself (she was out of sight within a few yards), I'd have had a long, tough track.
Every shot has to be evaluated in the context of the situation - distance, orientation and alertness of the animal, time of day, tracking conditions, open-ness of the habitat, density of animal sign, etc. I have found it very useful to habitually practice "visualizing" where major organ systems are located when watching deer and elk - so that shot placement to penetrate the heart or lungs becomes automatic regardless of the angle - also need to know where major bones are too!
I've had the fortune to track more animals than a lot of people - and know all too well the crushing disappointment and self-loathing that comes with a lost animal, mine or a buddy's. I think it's inherent in us, when we begin hunting, to hope for luck and push our efforts past our abilities. A liver-only hit is one of the most lethal misses - but shouldn't be a deliberate shot. However, I will happily take a quartering shot through the liver that avoids major bone and gives a trajectory through the heart and/or lungs.
Last thought - I cannot recommend too highly the capabilities of GPS for conducting systematic, tightly spiraled out searches for tough tracking of scarce sign. Marking each confirmed sign with flagging, and circling tightly outward using the track and go-to features, have really enhanced my ability to track downed game. Get a GPS, and learn to use it, if you don't already.
My opinions, take 'em or leave 'em!